Nolla's stages = tooth formation. Demirjian = most accurate for children. Gustafson = 6 parameters (adult): Attrition, Periodontosis, Secondary dentin, Cementum apposition, Root resorption, Root transparency.

Class vs Individual characteristics. Photography with ABFO No. 2 scale. 3 canines distance for human vs animal. Bite marks = circumstantial evidence, not conclusive.

Antemortem vs postmortem comparison. Dental remains = most resilient tissue. DNA from pulp tissue. Rugae pattern = palatal rugoscopy (unique). Lip prints = cheiloscopy.

Barr body = sex chromatin (X chromosome). Male teeth generally larger. Carabelli cusp more common in Caucasians. Shovel-shaped incisors = Mongoloid. Mandibular canine index for sex.