Max canine = longest tooth. Mand central incisor = smallest. Max 1st molar = largest. Cusp of Carabelli = mesiopalatal of upper molars. Oblique ridge = unique to upper molars.

Max 1st molar = 3 roots (MB, DB, Palatal), MB2 in 90%+. Mand 1st molar = 2 roots (M, D), 3-4 canals. C-shaped canal = Mand 2nd molar. Most variable = Max 2nd premolar.

Curve of Spee = anteroposterior. Curve of Wilson = mediolateral. Bennett angle = lateral condylar guidance. Semi-adjustable articulator = most commonly used. Facebow = transfers hinge axis.

Enamel = 96% inorganic (hydroxyapatite). Dentin = 70% inorganic. Dentinal tubules = S-shaped. Smear layer = grinding debris (removed by EDTA). Neonatal line = birth stress marker.

5 facial prominences. Cleft lip = failure of maxillary + medial nasal fusion. Dental lamina → Bud → Cap → Bell stages. Hertwig's root sheath = root formation.