Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders
Leukoplakia
A white patch that cannot be rubbed off and cannot be characterised as any other condition (diagnosis of exclusion). It is the most common potentially malignant disorder. Speckled (nodular) leukoplakia carries the highest malignant risk among leukoplakias; proliferative verrucous leukoplakia is also high-risk.
Erythroplakia
A red velvety patch that cannot be attributed to another condition. It has the highest malignant transformation potential of all potentially malignant disorders and frequently already shows dysplasia/carcinoma-in-situ on biopsy.
Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF)
A chronic, progressive scarring disease strongly linked to areca (betel) nut. Features: burning sensation, blanching, loss of elasticity, fibrous bands, and progressive trismus (reduced mouth opening). It is potentially malignant.
Exam Tips ⭐
Highest malignant potential = erythroplakia. OSMF = areca nut + trismus. Leukoplakia is the commonest but a diagnosis of exclusion.