Epidemiological Study Designs

Cohort. Cohort studies measure incidence and relative risk.

Case-control. Case-control studies estimate the odds ratio.

True positive rate. Sensitivity is the proportion of true positives correctly identified.

⭐ High-Yield Facts for Exam

Cross-sectional — snapshot; measures prevalence.
Case-control — retrospective; compares cases vs controls; yields the odds ratio; good for rare diseases.
Cohort — prospective; follows exposed vs unexposed; yields relative risk/incidence.
RCT (randomised controlled trial) — experimental; the gold standard for causation.

Sensitivity = true positive rate (detects disease); specificity = true negative rate (rules out disease).

Cross-sectional = prevalence; case-control = odds ratio; cohort = relative risk; RCT = gold standard.

Q1. Which study design directly yields the relative risk?

A. Case-control

B. Cohort

C. Cross-sectional

D. Case report

Show Answer

✅ Answer: B

Cohort studies measure incidence and relative risk.

Q2. The odds ratio is the measure of association in:

A. Cohort

B. Case-control

C. RCT

D. Ecological

Show Answer

✅ Answer: B

Case-control studies estimate the odds ratio.

Q3. Sensitivity of a test is the:

A. True negative rate

B. True positive rate

C. Prevalence

D. Incidence

Show Answer

✅ Answer: B

Sensitivity is the proportion of true positives correctly identified.

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